Allan Pinkerton-The Detective

Allan Pinkerton was a realized US criminologist that was conceived in Glasgow, Scotland in 1819. He is mainstream in his time since he is the organizer of the notable and first criminologist office in the United States, the Pinkerton Agency. At the early age, his dad who is a police sergeant passed on in a fight left the Pinkerton family in incredible destitution. As Allan grows up, he found a work as a copper or barrel-producer and afterward participating in Chartism, a gathering of individuals who has faith in political and social reforms.The Pinkerton was constantly connected with security and assurance. He had gone through his time on earth in numerous security concerns like private examinations, and individual security. Pinkerton vocation as an analyst began when he emigrate from Scotland to America. The motivation behind why he needed to go to America is on the grounds that he needs to gets away from detainment. Also, in 1842, he set up a copper making shop in Chicago, Illinois . Pinkerton was known to be a hero of slave or he bolster the abolitionist servitude movements.He for the most part utilizes his shop as a departure course of slave in the said state. In 1849, Pinkerton turned into the primary ever investigator in Chicago and in 1950, along with Edward Rucker they fabricate the North-Western police Agency. The said organization was renamed as Pinkerton National Detective Agency. As referenced in the prior piece of the article, Pinkerton was famous as far as security and reconnaissance matters. Truth be told, the strategies that he utilizes in his profession as a criminologist is as yet being utilized today in numerous investigations.Some of the methods of Pinkerton in numerous examination forms are the â€Å"shadowing† and â€Å"undercover†. The previous otherwise called reconnaissance of a presume which implies that the suspect is being observed in all their moves without fail while the last is otherwise called expecting a job which i mplies that an individual is accepting or doing a job so that the speculate will act typical when an examination is being finished. Covert tasks these days are exceptionally well known in sedate cases incidents.Example of this is the point at which a cop is under covering his actual way of life as a cop and depicting as a purchaser of a specific disallowed tranquilize and when the suspect had exchange with the covert cop, at that point this is an extremely helpful proof for the examination. The authority of Pinkerton as a US investigator had delivered numerous effective examinations and decreasing the crime percentage in his time. He had the option to stop numerous death endeavors particularly on the known government authorities. He had the option to decide a planed and smooth death on Abraham Lincoln and had the option to hamper the said attempt.As numerous authors accounted him as a man of extraordinary intensity of perception and mental fortitude (Library, 2007). There were a few works that inside the life, vocation and fortitude of Pinkerton as a US criminologist. In 1990, a film entitled The Rose and The Jackal that depended on the life of Pinkerton was made. The film was done in the Civil War time and its everything about adoration, show and spies. From the film, a death endeavor was done to the leader of the nation who is voyaging utilizing a train. In the drive, the train will go to a wooden bridge.The plan of the death is to plant a bomb at the base of the wooden extension and in the end a mishap will cause the passing of the president (Kelly, 2008). Pinkerton had the option to capture the death endeavor of the Confederate by halting the wrecking of the train where the president is and executing the two suspects and cautioned the president, who is Lincoln that there is an arrangement to murder him. He had the option to stop the endeavor. This connects to the genuine story on the endeavor to kill Lincoln which had the option to capture by Pinkerton (Ka resony, 2006).After this occasion, Pinkerton was delegated as by Lincoln as the leader of the US Secret Service. The said organization is capable of blocking numerous reconnaissance demonstrations during the Civil War. This forestalls the War Between the States of America (Kelly, 2008). The fundamental story of the film is about Pinkerton who was alloted to be a government operative against the Confederate. As a mystery specialist of the nation, Pinkerton had the option to build up a persona wherein the said mystery operator had effectively depicted a basic man in a general public with the goal that the Confederate won't suspect him as a spy.This strategy can likewise be seen on the England-mystery operator James Bond who does numerous reconnaissance demonstration to invade or assemble some significant data from their adversary. Pinkerton utilizes this strategy with the goal for him to know the plans of the Confederate and that he can ready to move any conceivable activity that will prompt the fall of his boss who is the president (Karesony, 2006). In the film, Pinkerton met a delightful woman who is likewise a government operative however in the Confederate side and Pinkerton in the long run become hopelessly enamored to her.The story turns on the two fundamental characters, Pinkerton and Rose. Pinkerton appearances to challenge, to assume the job as a mystery specialist for Lincoln and his relationship to Rose. Rose in the long run assaults the shortcoming of Pinkerton to be an instrument in executing her arrangement to penetrate the legislature of Lincoln (Karesony, 2006). In spite of the fact that this is one of the most mainstream examinations that were finished by Pinkerton in his life, there are additionally some little profile cases that he had the option to explain. Numerous cash and properties from theft acts were recouped and criminals were effectively traced.Some of the fruitful burglary cases the burglary of the Carbondale, Pennsylvania Bank of $4 0,000, and that of The Adams Express Company of $700,000, on 6 January, 1866, from a train on The New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad, and the taking of $300,000 from an express-vehicle on the Hudson River railroad. He additionally separated posses of hoodlums at Seymour, Indiana, and the â€Å"Mollie Maguires† in Pennsylvania. Because of his excitement and fearlessness, Pinkerton had the option to shape the security and examination process in his time despite the fact that high innovation contraptions were not accessible in his time.Even today, the methods of Pinkerton are being utilized to settle numerous cases and help in the accomplishment of examinations like police examinations. The Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation of United States owe numerous examination forms that were begun by Pinkerton. He had the option to make a device that can be used in fathoming unsolved wrongdoings and in the long run forestalling the further event of offense and sorted out violations. References:Karesony. (2006). The Rose and the Jackal [Electronic Version]. Recovered February 11, 2008, from http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0098831/Kelly, M. (2008). A Brief History of the Pinkertons [Electronic Version]. Recovered February 11, 2008, from http://americanhistory. about. com/od/19thcentur1/an/allan_pinkerton. htm Library, C. (2007). Underlying foundations of a Detective [Electronic Version]. Recovered February 11, 2008, from http://www. crimelibrary. com/gangsters2/pinkerton/

Old Trafford stadium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Old Trafford arena - Essay Example Opened in 1910, Old Trafford was initially proposed to hold eighty thousand onlookers, making it the second-biggest games ground in the nation following Wembley Stadium. All the data with respect to occasions that have happened in the club’s history, from the club’s establishing in 1878 to its exercises in present occasions, is totally protected in the Manchester United Museum while the Hall of Fame worships various soccer competitors who have helped the group, Manchester United, rule the English football class consistently. The Trophy Room shows adequate silver and metal that can attempt to eclipse the Crown Jewels. Presentation: Historical and Cultural setting The Industrial Revolution started in the late eighteenth century in England yet from the finish of the eighteenth century, basic monetary and social change happened in England. This included: a wonderful increment in countrywide populace sizes realized by a progressively fast development of existing towns and ur ban communities, changing birth and death rates transcendently in capital urban areas Manifestation of new social classes related to people’s place as laborers inside the business or as the proprietors of enterprises in the assembling procedure. Notwithstanding the previously mentioned purposes behind the financial and social turns of events, progress in transportation and systems of correspondence likewise impelled the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution, as confirmed by students of history, was set apart by significant changes in the public eye, for example, some consolidated headways in agribusiness, for example, the usage of new frameworks of cultivating and the production of new gear which allowed for an enhanced accessibility of food. Moreover, there was the extension of new hardware in mechanical assembling from increments in data that were usually the result of educated induction and functional encounters. This insurgency and its development at that point , saw to the spread of the football culture in Britain and subsequently to the development of soccer arenas. Old Trafford In its underlying years, the Manchester United group (Newton Heath) played on different pitches before they moved to North Road Monsall in 1880. This ground was accounted for to be the most noticeably terrible one in their group; it was covered with the smoke from the close by industry and the pitch grounds were running from rock to swamp. The first Manchester field opened in 1909, after the Manchester United club migrated from their past grounds at Bank Lane in Clayton. It had a solitary secured remain, with room that could permit a person to stand while watching a game. In spite of the bother, the first arena introduced endless extravagances, for example, specialist, a coffee bar with tip-up seats. Following genuine monetary obligation and costs, Sir John Henry Davies saved the group from grave chapter 11 and renaming, by parting with a fabulous aggregate of si xty thousand pounds in 1909 for the obtaining and development of a site at Trafford Park. The epic ground close to the Bridgewater Canal, which was close to the Northern finish of Warwick Road. It was finished and prepared for usage on the 22nd of January, 1910 (TheFootyNet). Structured by Scottish planner Archibald Leitch, who arranged various other stadia, the ground was recently expected to have a conveying limit of around one thousand individuals, and highlighted a secured sitting

12 Tips for Entrepreneurs to Succeed in Business (And Life)

12 Tips for Entrepreneurs to Succeed in Business (And Life) Whatever your dream was when you were little-become a movie star, a doctor, a famous sportsperson, or a firefighter and whatever your career choice now (growing up we change our belief on what we want to do, we learn about more options) at no point did you think.Oh, Im going to be mediocre, it doesnt matter if I win an Oscar or not!No. We all wanted to be the best, we wanted success.We wanted that Oscar, our picture in the newspaper, a Nobel Prize, you name it.So, how come only a handful of people actually achieve that childhood dream?What did we lose on the way, and where did we make mistakes that hindered us from success?Every dream, every career option makes you a possible successful entrepreneur.Even if you are not, lets say, a businessman by trade, you can brand yourself or your passion and make an impact in the business world.Many successful entrepreneurs say that the secret behind the success is the passion for your work, great targeting, and most importantly, knowing the reas on for your work.And the reason is not I want to earn a lot of money and travel the world- that is a result; the reason is something that moves you, an inspiration, why you have started to be passionate about it in the first place.WHAT IS SUCCESS?Now, let us start by defining success.Can you even define it? Peoples notion of the word success differs according to what inspires them, what makes their heart jump up and down and brings them joy.It is completely unimportant if, for example, you are having a lot of money but being rich does not fulfill you emotionally.For some people, success means being recognized in the professional circles, while others are not satisfied with just being respected in their own field. Instead, they want worldwide recognition.A completely different group of people do not care about the recognition at all, they just enjoy doing their job, and being recognized on the streets is just a side-effect for them.Finally, there are those whose happiness is based on making their family happy, on leading a normal, serene life while they do their job.There are so many more ways in which we define our success, all of them are great if at the end of the day you can say Yes, I am happy, and I cant wait to do everything again tomorrow. SO WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE AN ENTREPRENEUR?Simply put, it is finding a hole in the business world and filling it with your product or service.To be successful, you have to think of what motivates you and find a place for it.For example, your beloved grandma died of cancer when you were a child, now you want to create a drug that will cure your grandmas disease that is your reason, your motivation.The next step is research-has anybody else come up with the drug, whats the demographics, who is your competition, who do you sell to, and so on. Whether you are already an entrepreneur and you are struggling a bit or you are aspiring to become one, these tips on how to succeed will, hopefully, help you.1. Develop a Strong W ork EthicWhy is this important and what does it mean?Imagine that you are still an employee in a company, and your boss is coming to work at 11 am instead of coming on time.Would you be motivated to work for such a person?Do you think that there is a chance for that business to succeed in the long run if the boss, the creator is slacking off? Of course not.A good manager, a boss, an entrepreneur not only comes on time and works, but they come to work first and leave last.You do not become an entrepreneur so you can work less; you actually work more as you only have yourself to be accountable to.Being an entrepreneur is not a getaway card from responsibility, on the contrary.This is a trap many young entrepreneurs fall into, they start spending more than they have, they think they are already on top of the world when they see that their work is shown results, and they stop taking the job seriously.Can anybody succeed?Yes, if they work hard enough.Will Smith said about himself that he was not the most talented and the best, he is good because he worked more than the others.So, hard work pays out. It pays out in personal satisfaction, in your employees respect, in revenue and professional success.Nothing comes served to you, you have to earn it.2. Form a TeamIn order to succeed, you have to have a great team to back you up.This does not mean that you should gather a bunch of yes men. In the long run, it might even turn out that the fact that you were not challenged by your team was harmful to your business.Good employees are supposed to question some of your decision, and they should be more than welcome to express their opinions and/or ideas.Having a team you can rely on allows you to take a break from time to time knowing that nothing will crumble down in your absence.It also enables you to delegate a little and focus on what is really important.This does not mean that you do all the important work and your employees are left doing boring and stuff. It just mea ns that you do not have to do everything yourself in order for it to be done correctly.Relying on your team makes it easier for them to learn from you and you do not get overworked.3. Get a MentorAs important as it is to have a reliable and capable team, it is important to have a mentor as well.If you choose the right one, someone you admire and respect, listening to their advice can make your journey much more enjoyable.How you should approach a mentor?You do not ask them what they do now for their business, you ask them what they did when they were in your place.Advice on what to avoid may prove more valuable than anything else as it would save you so much time fixing the mistakes.Networking is the key to finding mentors. Visit conferences, talk to people you admire.Studies show that surrounding yourself with people you admire makes you more motivated and help you learn better.You can never have too many mentors?Not so true.Three might be better than one, but a dozen is too much.H aving more than one mentor gives you the opportunity to look at a certain issue from a different angle.There is no one correct way of doing something. Pick one that fits your current needs.4. ListenListen to your clients, listen to your mentor and listen to your employees.Listen to anybody who would give you an outside insight.Being in charge of a business is not easy, there are so many aspects that you need to take into account that sometimes, you will forget or overlook something.You cant do it alone, so this is why it is important to have your mentor and your team around. But that alone is not enough.Very often it happens that entrepreneurs rely on their team to perform tasks, and nothing more.To become successful you have to start really listening to the ideas of your employees as well as your mentors.Your clients also give you valuable feedback on how you fare in the business world.Their insight provides for the room for improvement. If you dont listen, your competition might, and you would be out of business.Learning to truly listen to others is a great interpersonal skill that helps you see and solve problems both in your professional and your private life.5. Be a Leader, Not a BossThere are many styles of managing a company.However, being a leader rather than a boss has proven to be the most productive.What is the difference? The main thing is the different approach to managing the business.A boss would come and tell their employees what and how to do something, the leader, on the other hand, leads by example.Good leaders are those who are engaged with their employees, they know their names, personal problems if they exist, they listen.They are here to pave the way for employees to do their tasks more productively, and they do not rely on the staff to do the heavy lifting.Leaders create a sense of trust, a sort of “comradery” which makes them appealing and easy to follow on the path to success. 6. PlanThe way you approach to planning a project is h ighly dependent on the type of your personality.Some people who have their left brain hemisphere dominant like to have everything in order, they might make detailed plans and they might follow through to the last point.However, people with the dominant right hemisphere tend to be more creative, artistic and as such more impulsive, so they may never make an actual physical plan of the future actions, they act on gut and make decisions on the way.Both approaches work to the same extent.The only important thing is that you do not let others influence it.A left-hemisphere mentor can suffocate the creative right-hemisphere aspiring entrepreneur, who may seem to be taking things lightly; on the other hand, the logical left hemisphere entrepreneur can seem too demanding and micromanaging.Whatever the case, you have to have at least an outline of what you hope to do; you have to set some milestones, some short term goals that need to be reached in a certain timeframe.7. Step by Step Approac hOwning a business is a marathon. If you are training to reach a goal, if you want a better race time you do not jump into the training shoes and run a marathon just like that.You have to put in the hours in the gym, get your nutrition in order, buy quality shoes, and, most importantly, train every day for as many months as you need to become strong enough and fast enough to win.Being an entrepreneur is the same.You cannot become a role model for the next generations of entrepreneurs overnight; you cannot make an impact on the industry and the world by a simple swish of a magic wand.What you need to do is set realistic expectations to yourself and approach each issue and each problem as it rises. Take baby steps; learn how to swim in the waters of the chosen industry.It is much easier to go back a step or two if you see that something is not going the way it was supposed to, than recovering from a fall after a great leap.The step by step approach will provide with the opportunity to notice the mistakes as soon as they appear since you will not rush.8. Work on Your CreativityRegardless of what your field of interest is, you have to be creative and innovative.Creativity is not restricted to arts only.The creative people are those who end up making a change in their industries.They find new, simpler or more thorough, even more, fun ways of solving old problems.Every idea is worth examining and with careful research of the market you can come to the point of launching a new project.During the days do those things that keep you motivated.Let your juices flow, and maybe in the idlest moments, your best idea will come to existence (remember Isaac Newton and the apple).9. Love YourselfThis might sound like a cliché from girls magazines; however, it makes more sense than you would think.To love oneself is a broad notion, it can mean various things.For one, if you love yourself, you have great self-confidence which more than helps if you want to pitch in a new idea, dr aw in some new customers and/or partners.Self-confidence creates a charisma that attracts people to you.That natural charisma is said to be one of the most common traits of successful people.How do you get to the point of self-love?Work on yourself even harder than you are working on your business.Even if your job fails, the time you spend developing yourself can never be wasted.Exercise; take care of your physical body.Being a leader can be exhausting so you have to have the strength to get through the day.Eat right and sleep enough.Food and rest give you energy for performing everyday tasks. If you are having difficulties, go to therapy, get to know yourself.Another thing that falls into this category is education.Educate yourself on your area of business, and other things, too. Acquire a new skill, learn a new language, and invest in yourself.Chances are you will feel better, look better and be better, and that will get noticed.10. Take BreaksSuccess does not happen overnight so you have to pace yourself.If you want everything right away you are facing the danger of burning out.Taking breaks is beneficial for many reasons besides keeping you from burning out. It allows you to breathe, let the information set it. It gives you time to reflect from a certain distance on what has been done already.Do not wait until you are already tired to use a day off or go on a vacation.Schedule breaks ahead of time. You might be really excited about your job that you do not want to stop, or you think that you do not have the luxury to.You should not break the impetus at all costs, but if you have been working tirelessly you can treat yourself to a relaxing day.Finding that work-life balance is crucial for success.Consider this as stacking energy for future crisis. If you are already burnt out when you decide to take a break it may take you more time to recover.Also, people who are exhausted make poorer decisions, so you are more likely to give up when the difficulties arise if you are already overworked.Dedicate an hour a day to doing something that you like, take a couple of days off every month; you do not have to work every single day.Go on a vacation.Recharge your batteries.11. Manage FearDiving into a new adventure, and starting a business is just that can be scary.If you are doing something truly new and creative chances are you are the first to do it. Understandably, you may feel anxious and scared.A small dose of fear is not harmful, it is beneficial even.You are more careful, you pay more attention to detail so you do not miss something.When that fear becomes too much to deal with creatively and productively, you are at a standstill.You are afraid of taking even smaller risks, and instead of going forward, you stagnate.If you are emotionally invested in the project this stagnation leads to frustration and even depression which never does any good either professionally, or privately.Do not allow other people to affect you with their own doubts and fears.If they advise you not to do something without any valid arguments, it is their own fear talking. Do not let them tell you that you are crazy to do something new and innovative.Risk taking is a part of the job.Take some, try out new approaches, and be creative.Pay attention though that the risks are not too big.Think them through, consider the pros and cons, and listen to your gut. 12. Find Silver LiningThis is maybe one of the most important mindsets that you need to acquire.Did you think that nothing will go wrong? If you did, adjust your expectations.You are surely going to experience setbacks of different gravity.This is when you should remember that nobody ever does anything right on the first try (except maybe by some lucky coincidence, but you do not want your business to be a coincidence, right?).So, what do you do when things go south?When you fail, either on some particular task in creating a business, or your whole project fails, and you are left disillusioned and disappointed, take that hit.You failed, it is okay. Pick yourself up, and do it all over again, only better. Learn from your mistakes and do not let them get to you.Sometimes that setback may be the best thing that ever happened to you, and you become an even more successful entrepreneur.Just remember how many times that happened in your life on a day-to-day basis.One setback does not mean that you lost everything and that your work was futile.It just means that you need to work harder to find a more suitable way to get you where you want to be.FINAL WORDThe bottom line of success is that it can happen to anyone, you can be what you wanted to be as a child, you can achieve all the new goals that you set up for yourself during your life so far.You only need to work really hard, take the bad along with the good, appreciate all the difficulties along with minor successes.There are a couple of things that all those successful businessman and businesswomen have in common, and that is the drive, persistence, will power and optimism.Surround yourself with people who mean you well, who will be your support system and your advisers. All those in combination are bound to give you the motivation to start and succeed.

Case Study Your Customer Is The Star - 1033 Words

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A Book Offering Coping Strategies And Hope For Those With...

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Acknowledgements Our thanks go to Janice Nunn for all the effort that she put in to the preparation of the manuscript. Strategic Marketing Management Planning, implementation and control Third edition Richard M.S. Wilson Emeritus Professor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesSinclair Sandra Dumas Susan McLaughlin Kevin Murphy Laura Ierardi Allison Morris Hilary Newman mb editorial services David Levy  ©Michael Eudenbach/Getty Images, Inc. This book was set in 10/12 ITC Legacy Serif Book by Aptaracorp, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright  © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored inRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesContemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States CopyrightRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPermissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins

Cultural profile of China Free Essays

string(110) " interaction across power levels and creates a more stable cultural environment \(Geert Hofstede,1967-2009\)\." Chapter 1 1.0 Introduction As an American Chinese, the cultural profile of a country that I am going to choose is China in this assignment. This is because the rate of GDP growth was strong in China in 2010 with an estimated 10% year-on-year growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural profile of China or any similar topic only for you Order Now This means that it is benefits to the investors who are going to invest or expand business in China. Before U.S. companies decided to expand business into China, they must understanding the cultural profile of China in order to make profit on their business. To be clear about the China’s cultural profile, Hofstede’s five dimensions of culture are being applied into this assignment. Every country has their cultures. Therefore, here are the explanation about subject of cross-cultural management, explanation of culture, and characteristics of culture to provide a theoretical background for this report. 1.1 Cross-cultural management Basically human races came with different background. â€Å"Cultural background†. When people from one cultural background, meet, understand, interact and deal with people from other cultural background. That is a cross-cultural management. In recent years, with the increase in globalization and diversity in the workplace, cross cultural management has become an important element of organizational life. Cross-cultural management is the study of the behavior of the people in organization located in cultures and nations around the world. It focuses on the description of organizational behavior within countries and cultures, on the comparison of organizational behavior across countries and cultures, and, perhaps most importantly, in the interaction of peoples from different countries working within the same organization or within the same work environment (Nancy J. Adler, 1983). 1.2 Definition of culture â€Å"Culture has been defined in a number of ways, but most simply, as the learned and shared behavior of a community of interacting human beings†(J., Useem, R,1963). According to English Anthropologist Edward B Taylor, culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Culture gives us an identity which makes us unique and different from people of other cultures. The culture of the society becomes the dominant culture and those of the immigrants from the subculture of the community, when people with different cultures migrate and settle in another society. People usually settle in other nations imbibe the new culture; while at the same time strive to preserve their own. (Deepa Kartha, 2000-2011). 1.3 Characteristics of culture There are different characteristics or qualities of cultures throughout the world. First characteristic of culture is that â€Å"culture is learned†. Culture is not inherited; it is acquired through learning and experience. People can learn behavior patterns including language and many other attributes if they grow up with that particular culture. The second characteristic of culture is that â€Å"culture is shared by a group of people†. We can consider a thought or an action as a culture if it is commonly shared and believed or practiced by a group of people. It can be considered as their culture when a group of individual share and believe with each others. The third characteristic of culture is that â€Å"culture is cumulative†. The knowledge of culture can be passed from one generation to another generation. As time passed by, more and more knowledge is added in the particular culture. It may work out solutions of problems in the life as the particular culture goes with time. The fourth characteristic of culture is that â€Å"culture is dynamic†. This is the characteristic of culture that stems from the cultures cumulative quality. As there is no culture remains on the permanent state, culture is considered as changing frequently as added in new ideas and new techniques to change the old ways. The fifth characteristic of culture is that â€Å"culture gives us a range of permissible behavior patterns†. Culture has structure and is integrated as a change in one part will bring changes in another. It tells us how to dress based on gender, statue, occasions, and many more. Chapter 2 2.0 Cultural profile of China China is located in eastern Asia. China is formally known as ‘The People’s Republic of China’ (PRC). As the world’s population is approximately 6.7 billion, China represents a full 20% of the world’s population so one in every five people on the planet is a resident of China. China’s population growth has been somewhat slowed by the one child policy, in effect since 1979 (Matt Rosenberg, 2010). Confucianism is a system of behaviors and ethics that stress the obligations of people towards one another based upon their relationship. The basic tenets are based on five different relationships in China which are ruler and subject, husband and wife, parents and children, brothers and sisters, finally, friend and friend. Confucianism indicated the duty, sincerity, loyalty, honor, filial piety, respect for age and seniority (Mandarin Today, 2005). 2.1 Geert Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions In this part, Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions have been used to introduce cultural profile of China. He had analyzed about the way of culture influence working relationships in a multicultural environment along five dimensions which are power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation in China. Below is the diagram of USA vs China by hofstede’s five dimensions. Figure 1: USA vs China by Hofstede’s five dimensions Source: http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php?culture1=95culture2=18#compare According to figure 1, China has long-term orientation in the highest ranking factor and lowest individualism than United States. And also, it has high in masculinity, power distance and low in uncertainty avoidance culture compared to United States. 2.1.1 Power distance Power distance refers to the level of acceptance by a society of unequal distribution of power in institutions. The extent to which subordinates accept unequal power is socially determined. United States scores around 40 with low ranking power distance in figure 1. It indicates that there is a greater equality between societal levels, including government, organizations, and even within families in United States. This orientation reinforces a cooperative interaction across power levels and creates a more stable cultural environment (Geert Hofstede,1967-2009). You read "Cultural profile of China" in category "Essay examples" However, the power distance remains high in China which scores around 80 in the diagram above. This means that the Chinese society is characterized by a very high level of inequalities in power and wealth, and that these are accepted by the individuals (Carletti Mathilde, 2008). Also, the individual representing the authority in any organization (family, undertaki ng, etc.) is highly respected, because that individual has the decision-making power. In China, there is a strong differentiation of roles, competences and respect due, according to the individual’s position on the hierarchic scale. In China, individuals with power enjoy greater status and privilege than those without power, and subordinates are less likely to challenge or express disagreement with superiors (Matthew Earnhardt, 2009). In other words, the rank structure is clearly delineated between management and subordinates, and disagreement with management is frowned upon. Information control is one of the predominant sources of power in China. Critical information in China is selectively preserved instead of being distributed widely. It is quite obvious in e-government practices in China where branches of government purposely hold back some information and obstruct large-scale information sharing in order to keep their power and interests (Lucian E. Marin, 2010). 2.1.2 Individualism Individualism describes the relationship between the individual and the immediate community. The high individualism ranking for the United States (88) indicates a society with a more individualistic attitude and relatively loose bonds with others (Kimberley Roberts Stephen Taylor, 1998-2008). However, low individualism is important for learning the Chinese way of thinking which scores 20 in figure 1. Interpersonal relationships and group affiliation are focused in China (Matthew Earnhardt, 2009). They will act with good manner at all the times and will not do anything that caused other people embarrassment in the public. It can be observed by the use of silence in structure meetings. A person will remain quite although a person disagrees with what another person says, rather than disagree publicly, This is giving respect to the other person, while speaking up would make both parties lost reputation. In China, a collectivistic culture, individuals are willing to sacrifice personal goals for the good of the group (Matthew Earnhardt, 2009). This loyalty is promoted across all aspects of Chinese culture, including the workplace. Loyalty is a highly regarded trait in a society where relationships are strong and is, therefore, it is importance to most of the Chinese people (Simon Kriss, 2006). This links back to their high long term orientation above. The â€Å"collectivist† thinking of a culture, China tends to be extremely parochial, with people and businesses not changing suppliers lightly for fear of the impact on relationships (Simon Kriss, 2006). So, it is a good idea to select a good strong partnership that has potential to last a long time when doing business with others. 2.1.3 Masculinity Masculinity refers to the role share between men and women, and the differences of equality that exist between the two genders. The highest the score the more assertive and competitive the culture (Masculine), the lowest the score the more modestly and caring (Feminine). The United States has score around 72.5 and China has score around 75 in the figure1. Therefore, China has high masculinity in their culture and has a strong role differentiation between men and women. Men hold most of the responsibility and power positions. The role of women in China is very limited, even though it seems to be taking more importance in the cities and more developed regions (Carletti Mathilde, 2008). Especially in the rural areas their status is inferior. The country is far from setting up men-women parity. This is the one dimension in which China most aligns itself to the rest of the world, and yet, it is often totally missed by businessman of United States, who think that the women in China are, fo r the most part, ignored (Piseth 2009). 2.1.4 Uncertainty avoidance Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which people in a society feel threatened by ambiguous situations. Uncertainty avoidance has many implications for leadership characteristics and leadership traits such as habitual, formal, cautious, and orderly is perceived as an outstanding form of leadership in some countries while a negative form in others (Matthew Earnhardt, 2009). A high ranking of uncertainty avoidance dimension in United States (45) is indicate that society has fewer rules and does not attempt to control all outcomes and results while doing business. It also has a greater level of tolerance for a variety of ideas, thoughts, and beliefs (Simon Kriss, 2006). But, China presents a low degree of acceptance of uncertainty which scored 30 is a characteristic of a society that does not try to take control of the future, and that is not afraid of unforeseen situations. It is also characteristic of a society that is more tolerant towards opinions, behaviors that are differ ent from its own, and changes (Carletti Mathilde, 2008). It is a more meditative society which does not feel the need of controlling its environment. 2.1.5 Long-term orientation in China The fifth dimension, long-term orientation specify the extent to which a culture is devoted or not devoted to â€Å"traditional, forward thinking values† (Hofstede, 2001). High or short-term orientation predispose countries to resist it or accept to change. In countries in which people display high long-term orientation suggests that the country has long-term commitments to tradition and fosters a strong work ethic as a plan for future rewards outweigh the need for rapid change. Cultures with a short term orientation focus on values such as ‘saving face’ and respecting tradition while cultures that focus on the longer term tend to focus on thrift and perseverance. The US has a scored around 29 in this dimension. China has the highest ranking for long-term orientation which scored around 110 in figure 2.1. China slow and steady wins the race for business deals compare with United States. China is having a building strong, reliable, lasting relationship which is the key for the Chinese (Eric Yee, 2008). A certain amount of trust must be gained before any decision is met. The Chinese prefer to deal with people they knew and trusted before starting to conduct business with others (Vincent Lo, 2011). It may take three to four times the length of time to finish the business deal after finish meeting. So if do not come to a fast agreement, don’t be discouraged, make the client feel comfortable and show patience to Chinese. The Chinese never like to rush into things. The company has to maintain the relationship if want to do more business with Chinese. Chapter 3 3.0 Challenges and recommendations expand business to China To be successful in the China’s market, the United States companies need to have an understanding of major practical challenges they may face in China. China has a different culture because the way they implement their business tends to differ from US. China market is a complicated filed to those companies that are familiar to the Chinese culture would be able to move around in the market. Hence, cultural differences are always the barriers between foreign companies and the locals. For a successful partnership, both parties need to learn more about each other culturally and their business styles (Starmass International 2001-2011). Below are the challenges that foreign company may face in China. 3.1 Communication Challenge There will be a failure business if misunderstanding happened when communicate with China’s companies. Therefore, language barrier is the biggest challenges for many U.S. companies when they want to enter into the China market. Although there are an increasing number of China’s people learning English, but there still have majority of locals are unable to communicate in English and also many foreigners are unable to speak Chinese. The way they written and verbal English spoken is totally different with Western countries. Recommendation Individuals need to understand what the other party wants before start to conduct business with Chinese people. By this, they have needed to spend money for hiring person who can carry the responsibility to interpret and as an effective translator to communicate with the locals. Individuals are required to provide their interpreter the relevant information which can effectively execute their task in work. It is better to spend some time to discuss with the interpreter what an individual want to achieve out before each of the meeting to avoid any negotiations. 3.2 Differences of business culture Challenge Foreign investors unfamiliar with the business culture in China are the second major reasons that they failed to enter the China market. To be succeeded in the China, the U.S. investors cannot simply apply their own business models into China market. Due to the culture difference, many of them do not always adapt to accept China’s standard. As Chinese are very respectful to others, they tend to carry out their business according their beliefs and values. Chinese would like to seek others opinions and advices before making any decision but that take longer time. If the investors do not respect Chinese, there will not have deal between both parties. Hence, U.S. investors need to respect them while talking or having meeting with Chinese. Recommendation The U.S. companies should take more time to do research on the China’s business culture with fully understanding it. This action may help them to do business with Chinese people in the long-run. The investors have to understand that the Chinese are not indecisive but rather respecting the view of others in doing business. Hence, they must be more patient when dealing business with Chinese. But once they decide to move ahead, the investors must get ready for it because Chinese may expected to proceed it immediately. 3.3 â€Å"Guan Xi† (Relationship) Challenge China likes to build strong relationship in their business compare to United States. It is an important element in achieving successful business in China. However, many U.S. investors may think that it is wasting time in socializing but to the Chinese, it is all the part of the business. Chinese more prefer to work with someone who more familiar with them to reduce disagreement and conflict. Thus, they need to develop wide interpersonal relationship with Chinese. Recommendation The company would benefit in many different ways with buildup good relationship in China. First, a trust would be able to establish between U.S companies and locals. Thus, they would be very comfortable working with each other. Second, good relationship may helps to resolve any problems if a company would to encounter any problems in any field. The investors must learn how to socialize like sing karaoke, having drinks and so on. It is important when entertain or having fun with Chinese. It does not matter whether you are a gifted singer or not. Besides that, the investors must learn how to drink. If you hear â€Å"ganbei† that means Chinese expected you to empty your cup and have fun with them. There are a good places and better ways to build up relationship with them. 3.4 Government Regulation Challenge China’s government placed heavy restriction on foreign investment in the retail sector. Under the restriction, investors must make concessions on the size and independence of their business to access China’s market. However, the investors must go through stricter licensing procedures compared to other domestic competitors. They could apply approval only from the government to establish business in China. The investors must first obtain a business license from MOFCOM and then registration approval from the State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC). The licensing process is also opaque and can be slow and inconsistent, adding extra costs and burdens for the investor. In recent years, pushed by foreign business communities and governments, MOFCOM and SAIC have delegated certain approval authorities to local governments and streamlined the licensing processes for foreign retail investors (US-China Business Council (2010). Recommendation A strong government relationship remains an important factor to do business successfully in China as China’s government plays an important role in influencing market movement and administering foreign investments. There are unnecessary procedures and delays if the foreign companies have good relationship with the government officials. This is because China is not a free-market economy and it has an authoritarian communist government. While they employ some of the same terms and strategies as full-fledged capitalist markets, political control is everywhere (Ehow, 2011). 3.5 Legal Environment Challenge Before enter into China market, U.S. investors have to be familiar with the China market laws. The china laws may be frustrating as they seem to be very complicated. In China, the wording of contract may look relatively vague compared to what you are used to. If any dispute arises, consider the contract as a guide, but do not expect it to offer much protection legally. Recommendation Interacting with the locals would allow a better understanding of the Chinese culture and laws and it will be useful in doing business. Hence, a lot of foreign companies would undertake a local company as partner to help them with the registration process and negotiation with the Chinese. 3.6 Local Competitors Challenge One of the challenges that U.S. investors need to be faced are the local competitors. However, one must not overlook small local companies in the China market as the Chinese have a very strong national pride thus they tend to be more supportive towards their local products. Recommendation U.S. companies would really need to do a detailed market and consumer research if they want not only enter the China market but also market their products to the local market. The investors can also seek for the outside help when trying to get into the China market. The Chinese culture would help tremendously when approaching familiar with the China market as they would know the tactic on how to handle any problems. 3.7 Local Pride Challenge In addition, U.S companies do not really know what are the preferences and needs of the Chinese consumers in China. Chinese consumers often prefer to deal with local, Chinese-run companies rather than western enterprises. This also extends to favored treatment from political officials, and it can influence bids on projects and other ventures. Carrying out a consumer research may not be very useful as the information collected may not truly reflect the true responses as the Chinese may not be comfortable giving out information to foreign researches. Recommendation There are normally more reliable if companies engage a local research company to carry out the market analysis research. As low cost of material and labour in China, the products that the U.S. companies offers must at the cheaper level to compare with the local products. 3.8 Business Partner Challenge It is not an easy task for foreign investors to find a good business partner to build up business. A good business partner shares your vision and enthusiasm, bringing expertise in the areas in which you are inexperienced. It’s someone who understands the legal and financial responsibilities endemic to sharing a business. Most importantly, it’s someone with whom you get along. Recommendation Most of the U.S. companies are not well in network of China because they are unable to find reliable business partners in China markets and meet a lot of bureaucratic problems as they are unfamiliar with the laws of China. Therefore, it is important to choose a right business partner. He or she as a business partner in China must be able to speak well in both English and Mandarin. Having enthusiasm for the company’s products, strong relationship with import and export agencies and also appropriate storage of the company’s products are the factors as a reference for the foreign company to choose a good business partner. In addition, a strong and stable financial background is the most important factor for the company to make sure individuals are able to be a responsible business partner with them. Chapter 4 4.0 Conclusion In this section, I would like to conclude that it is important to understand others cultural profile before start doing business with them. Geert Hofstede five cultural dimensions in China which are long-term orientation, individualism, masculinity, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance are important elements for the foreign investors to understand cultural profile of China. Once they started to understand the Chinese culture, the foreign investors can have a good cooperation with the locals and succeed to develop their enterprise in China. Maintaining good relationships in China is very important to help foreign investors to success in the China market. Chinese are making business deal depend on how much they see your personal relationship with them. Being respectful and do not make others lose their reputation in the public are the ways to build relationship with Chinese. Besides that, collectivist dimension of Chinese culture where the group is more important than the individual. From this assignment, I learned how it is essential to understand the different culture in an unfamiliar country. And also, I had understand to the Chinese culture or â€Å"ways to doing things† in their business dealing. Besides that, communication tools and skills to face the challenges are learned through this assignment. How to cite Cultural profile of China, Essay examples

Organization Change Management and Role of Mangers in Change

Abstract Management can generally refer to either an art or a science of completing a task by using other people, according to Dale (1969). In an organization, management is a way of using available resources to make employees meet certain objectives and achieve set goals in an effective and efficient manner.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organization Change Management and Role of Mangers in Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It includes planning, organizing, recruitment, guiding, and showing the way in order to achieve the set target. An issue in management can be an event that causes significant, mostly sustained, news coverage and open examination. Issues in management are numerous and diverse, however, the purpose of this paper is to single out organizational change issues in management. Organization change management, on the whole, has its own right become a powerful business. Organization ch ange in management is beneficial, but one never fails to notice its shortcomings and the mounting challenges. The challenges can be overcome with careful planning by managers and attention to the way the change is conducted. Organization Change Management and Role of Mangers in Change Often, a good number of companies employ various organization change programs. As it has already been mentioned, organization change management, has become a powerful business. For example, it stands for billions of dollars in developing programs, implementing and training fees for consultants. For senior managers it can be a way to survive, profit and grow. For customers, it means better and efficient service, while for employees it can mean a chance for job improvements. Change in management is beneficial, but one never fails to notice its shortcomings that include the following three examples. In case organization change is seen to have failed, senior employees or managers may be dismissed, which fi nds its way into the equity of shareholders. Secondly, whether it fails or it succeeds, a lot of fundamental changes will likely lead to loss of jobs, demotion and dissatisfaction with the introduction of new ways of working. The third point is, the unwanted change experienced with customers can make them dissatisfied or decline the services. Organization change process nowadays is much shrouded in fear and threat as it is part of a powerful discourse of management in the present world. A quick look in any newspaper in the business section, journals on management, magazine or management articles will show that a key management discourse is organizational change (Mills, 2008).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While the focus may vary, the fundamental message is the same. If the company has not been involved in some sort of change initiative, there are chances that it may be operating below its full potential. Indeed, those who have been doing well at advancing change have been elevated to expert-status. Although present discourse of change consists of many basics of the earlier, pre-1980 approach to change, the difference between then and today is that organization change has come to be thought of as a holistic, rather than the piecemeal approach to organizational effectiveness (Mills, 2008). The focus of change in the past used to be on strategies for managing. According to Mills, organization engaged in OD techniques to improve the behavior or structural levels of the company (2008). In that way, the organization was guaranteed to capitalize on its effectiveness. Nowadays the emphasis on organization effectiveness and customer satisfaction are often seen as cutting edge. Despite the application of the latest techniques, the senior manager can derive satisfaction from the knowledge that he/ she will be seen as a forward-thinker in their attempt s to ensure company survival and growth in a global economy. Many case studies carried out in management issues show a set of accounts of what took place in a certain business, organization, or industry within a certain period if time. The organization is a complex system, which is confronted with many challenges, as a result of external and internal influences. Change management at the level of the organizational, according to Badescu, is a key issue in ensuring most appropriate strategic way for realizing competitive advantage in the business atmosphere (2005). People are always afraid of change and are nervous whenever change occurs, such as an organizational change. Most will resist it both consciously and subconsciously. Many a times, those fears are strong that the change will result into a negative effect for them. However, the target people to embrace change will eventually recognize that the change was intended for the better. The speed of change is always increasing, espec ially, with the emergence of the internet and swift installment of modern technologies, methods of doing business and demeanor of one’s life. Organizational change management strives to find out the attitude of the target people and work together to enhance effective and efficient delivery of change and passionate support for the good results. The major concern of organizational change management is to win the target people to change their behavior and the way of life.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organization Change Management and Role of Mangers in Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Change is often a shift in technology or internal hierarchy, when a key change is experienced by a company; it demands a response where the organization makes a significant alteration in the way the work will be done. During the change, the following guidelines should be considered for changing corporate cul ture. In order to get a satisfactory result, the target group should be given a concrete reason to accept the change. A respected person should be put in charge and should involve all parties in change. For smooth running of the program create a management team to oversee change, and provide necessary training in work methods and expected new values. Organization needs to adequately prepare for implementing the change successfully through a process of change management. The first stage is preparation which involves preparing employees for the change, describing the changes comprehensively to the target group, researching on the proceeding of the last change which occurred in the organization, assessing organizational readiness and making additional changes that are critical. What follows next is planning for change. This stage is referred to making contingency plans, which impact personal performance and productivity, encourage employee input and set timetables as well as objectives to measure change progress. The third stage is creating transitional structures. Special activities required at this stage include creating a transition management group to oversee the change, develop temporary policies and procedures during the change, create new channels of communication and arrange frequent meetings to provide feedback on the change progress. The fourth stage in organization change management is its implementation. Implementing change covers appropriate training in the new skills, encouraging the self-management, provision of frequent feedback that will help people to forget the old and to adjust to changes within the shortest time. Finally, acknowledge the people who have made the change in the process of work. The manager plays a pivotal role in organizational change management. Their duty is to move or lead employees and teams through a change process, in an efficient way possible in spite of how well or poor the change has been introduced. A manager will hav e to choose the approach and plan to change, create a favorable climate for change and culture for sustainable change.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Badescu, C. (2005).Case Studies in Management Issues. Bucharest. Editura Mica Valahie Dale, E. (1969). Management: theory and practice, McGraw-Hill series in management. California. Rex Bookstore Book Inc. Mills, J. H., Dye, K., Mills, J. A. (2008). Understanding Organizational Change, Edition illustrated. Milton Park. Taylor Francis. Organizational Change Management. Why, What, How? Available at  http://www.epmbook.com/orgchange.htm Retrieved Sheedy, C. November/December, 2010. Australian Institute of Management. The Key management Issues. Available at  http://www.epmbook.com/orgchange.htm Retrieved This research paper on Organization Change Management and Role of Mangers in Change was written and submitted by user Lennox F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Future of the Iraqi government

The Future of the Iraqi government The future of Iraq is in the hands of the U.S. and with that the U.S. has promised to assemble a democracy for the Iraqi people. But this will be a difficult task, it will not come as easily as it may seem. The U.S. cannot just democratize Iraq at gun point because a democracy cannot be forced on unwilling people. There is a huge mistrust of the U.S. and what they plan to do in the Middle East. Many polls from Western Europe indicate that even the U.S.'s traditional allies think that this war in Iraq is about the access of oil. The Arab people think even less of the Bush Administration and the war is not helping his popularity at all. In fact from the few polls available, the Arabs think that the U.S. dissevered the attacks of 9/11.Before going to war the Bush Administration should have had a clear plan on the way they were going to democratize Iraq, but they didn't.Collage of images taken by U.S. military in Iraq. ...Instead they had many different proposals that were cut down to th ree. The short term option, this is where the U.S makes a true effort to get a full functioning democracy in Iraq and just leaves everything into the hands of the newly elected Iraqi government. The long term option, which will take about ten years or more in were the U.S. starts from scratch to establish democratic roots in Iraq. Another short term option around two years, were the U.S. installs a puppet regime in Iraq and move the U.S. troops out.Option one is called Democracy Lite it is where the U.S. spends a considerable amount of time making an up and running democracy and when this is all set up the U.S. troops go home and leave everything to Iraq's...

Dysprosium Facts - Element 66 or Dy

Dysprosium Facts - Element 66 or Dy Dysprosium is a silver  rare earth metal  with  atomic number  66 and  element symbol  Dy. Like other rare earth elements, it has many applications in modern society. Here are interesting dysprosium facts, including its history, uses, sources, and properties. Dysprosium Facts Paul Lecoq de Boisbaudran identified dysprosium in 1886, but it wasnt isolated as a pure metal until the 1950s by Frank Spedding. Boisbaudran named the element dysprosium from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to get. This reflects the difficulty Boisbaudran had separating the element from its oxide (it took over 30 attempts, still yielding an impure product).At room temperature, dysprosium is a bright silver metal that slowly oxidizes in air and readily burns. It is soft enough to be cut with a knife. The metal tolerates machining so long as it isnt overheated (which can lead to sparking and ignition).While most of the properties of element 66 are comparable to those of other rare earth, it has unusually high magnetic strength (as does holmium). Dy is ferromagnetic at temperatures below 85K  (−188.2  Ã‚ °C). Above this temperature, it transitions to a helical antiferromagnetic state, yielding to ​a disordered paramagnetic state at  179  K (−94  Ã‚ °C).Dysprosium, like related elements, does not occur free in nature. It is found in several minerals, including xenotime and monazite sand. The element is obtained as a by-product of yttrium extraction using a magnet or flotation process followed by ion exchange displacement to obtain either dysprosium fluoride or dysprosium chloride. Finally, the pure metal is obtained by reacting the halide with calcium or lithium metal. The abundance of dysprosium is  5.2  mg/kg in the Earths crust and 0.9  ng/L in sea water.Natural element 66 consists of a mixture of seven stable isotopes. The most abundant is Dy-154 (28%). Twenty-nine radioisotopes have been synthesized, plus there are at least 11 metastable isomers.Dysprosium is used in nuclear control rods for its high thermal neutron cross-section, in data storage for its high magnetic susceptibility, in magnetostrictive materials, and in rare earth magnets. It is combined with other elements as a source of infrared radiation, in dosimeters, and to make high strength nanofibers. The trivalent dysprosium ion displays interesting luminescence, leading to its use in lasers, diodes, metal halide lamps, and phosphorescent materials.Dysprosium serves no known biological function. Soluble dysprosium compounds are mildly toxic if ingested or inhaled, while insoluble compounds are considered non-toxic. The pure metal presents a hazard because it reacts with water to form flammable hydrogen and reacts with air to ignite. Powdered Dy and thin Dy foil can explode in the presence of a spark. The fire cannot be extinguished using water. Certain dysprosium compounds, including its nitrate, will ignite upon contact with human skin and other organic materials. Dysprosium Properties Element Name: dysprosium Element Symbol: Dy Atomic Number: 66 Atomic Weight:  162.500(1) Discovery:  Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1886) Element Group: f-block, rare earth, lanthanide Element Period: period 6 Electron Shell Configuration:  [Xe] 4f10  6s2 (2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2) Phase: solid Density:  8.540  g/cm3 (near room temperature) Melting Point:  1680  K   (1407  Ã‚ °C, 2565  Ã‚ °F) Boiling Point:  2840  K (2562  Ã‚ °C, 4653  Ã‚ °F) Oxidation States:  4,  3, 2, 1 Heat of Fusion: 11.06 kJ/mol Heat of Vaporization: 280 kJ/mol Molar Heat Capacity:  27.7  J/(mol ·K) Electronegativity:  Pauling  scale: 1.22 Ionization Energy:  1st:  573.0  kJ/mol,  2nd:  1130  kJ/mol,  3rd:  2200  kJ/mol Atomic Radius: 178 picometers Crystal Structure: hexagonal close-packed (hcp) Magnetic Ordering: paramagnetic (at 300K)

Moore's Law Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Moore's Law - Annotated Bibliography Example The author here is Crothers Brooke. The article has been written for the general public to explain them how the increasing cost of materials has forced the information technology (IT) industry to adapt alternative plans to manufacture similar products. The article directed its focus mainly on the statement given by the higher authorities of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency which seemed to be biased. The information sited in the article is current. Yes the site link is appropriate and is also considered to be one of the media site around the globe. The writers here are Ron and Drost. The audience of the book can be considered to be the general public. The book cannot be considered as a biased piece of work, as the information on the book is considered to be a current comparison of the law with the modern fundamental physics. The publisher of the book is considered to be a well-known publisher around the globe. 4. Myslewski, Rik. Intel reveals 14nm PC, declares Moores Law alive and well. The A Register. Web. 22 Sep. 2013. . The author of the article is Rik Myslewski. The targeted primary audience of the article are IT industry and the secondary audiences are considered to be the civilians. The article mainly states argument given by Intel defending that the law has not been out dated. The company i.e. Intel has also introduce 14-nanometer PC which proves that the law is yet acceptable. The information provided in the article is current and also provides a comparison of the law with different statement given by various critics. The site link is valid. The author here is Sami Franssila. The book has been written for academia and people relating to the IT sectors. The book is not biased, as it mainly focus on explaining the different aspects that Moore has considered while constructing the law. The book

Economic crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic crisis - Essay Example It is an urgent need of the hour to put a stop to the ‘carcinogenic’ growth of the negative impacts before it gets into the lowest multitude possible and starts affecting the day to day welfare of the common man. The urgency of the action is averred by the fact that some of the national economies literally lost the nation in the present scenario of economic crisis. An empowerment of the public sector entities should happen by the deliberate efforts of the national governments. The public sector always had been the backbone of the economy. Recent developments including the growth of the private sector investments hugely made the governments all around the globe depend largely on these investments urging for quick development. Not only the government but also the people were influenced by this trend as they also relied more on similar abrupt developmental agendas. The governments all across the world may take lessons from the sustainability of the national economies which were not affected by the crisis which still have Public financial Institutions on the rule. People must start depending on these public systems which for sure would work for their welfare. The governments in turn should try the strengthening of the public sector in terms of infrastructure and investment. These setups should be continuously backed by the governing systems throug h their policies considering the sustainability they would offer to the national economy. Efforts must be made so that the people start investing in these public systems. Campaigns through the media would help to a major extend to create this kind of awareness in the public. While considering the international investments, governments should try international linkages with similar sort of set up across the border which would help to make a substantial impact on the economy of that country while securing the economic stability of itself. However an over

Capital Punishment in the US

Capital Punishment in the US Katie Sawtelle Capital Punishment: Americas Blood Stained Hands In 2015, the most executions took place in China, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United States of America (Death Penalty 2015). What a peculiarity it is to see the U.S. included in the list alongside undemocratic nations. America is the only westernized country that still continues to put the death penalty to use. Capital punishment should be abolished for it delivers inadequate legal representation and is discriminatory toward racial minorities. It is a fundamental right for a defendant in a capital case to be assigned a competent lawyer, yet, more often than not, court appointed public defenders often lack the skills and drive for effective representation. A common characteristic of those on death row is poverty. It is estimated that around 90% of inmates on death row could not afford to hire an adequate attorney (American Civil Liberties Union). Without a competent lawyer, a defendants case barely stands a chance. In the spring of 2014, Glenn Ford, an African-American man, was released from a Louisiana prison after spending thirty years on death row for a crime he did not commit (Bright). Ford could not afford an attorney in his capital case, so the court appointed him two lawyers for his representation. One of the lawyers was an oil and gas attorney who had never presented a case in front of a jury before. The second lawyer was a recent law school graduate that worked for an insurance firm. Despite the weak case presented against Ford, the all white jury sentenced him to death (Bright). It is not equal justice when the defendant receives inadequate representation just because of the amount of money he or she has. Appropriately put, those without the capital get the punishment (Von Drehle). Those accused of capital crimes rely on lawyers to protect their legal rights, investigate, and present evidence that will doubt their guilt. It is extremely difficult for a low-income defendant to navigate the legal justice system on their own. One major reason that innocent defendants have been placed on death row and executed is due to incompetent or inexperienced court-appointed lawyers; in extreme cases, some attorneys have been found asleep, intoxicated, or under the influence of drugs during trial proceedings (Bright). Some may argue that if court appointed lawyers were much better, then guilty people could be acquitted. That may be true, however, the more important issue regarding better court-appointed lawyers is that innocent people could be acquitted. Innocent people that were convicted and executed could have possibly lived out the rest of their lives if they had received better court-appointed legal defense. In some states, people sentenced to death may receive legal representation from pro-bono (free service for the public) lawyers or from public organizations. Most of the time, there is not enough pro-bono attorneys for all of the poor defendants facing death row. This could possibly result in the defendant obtaining an inept court-appointed lawyer. To receive a new trial, a defendant could file for post-conviction relief and state that their constitutional rights were violated, however, it is usually only possible for those who can afford lawyers. Some states provide lawyers for post-conviction relief, although the majority of the nation does not. Regardless of whether a defendants constitutional rights were violated at trial, they still may have to face execution. A number of people are sentenced to death not because they committed the most heinous crime, rather, the courts did not provide them with competent legal representation. Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a United States Supreme Court Ju stice has said, I have yet to see a death case, among the dozens coming to the Supreme Court on eve of execution petitions, in which the defendant was well represented at trial (Bright). The amount of money a defendant has in capital cases can be the difference between life and death; In present day America, it is better to be rich and guilty, than poor and innocent (Bright). The death penalty in the antebellum South (1815-1861) was a tool of white supremacy. The possibility of slave uprisings haunted slave owners, therefore, the death penalty was regularly enforced to resist slave opposition. (Von Drehle). In Virginia, during the antebellum era, it was a capital offense for a slave to administer medicine, for it could have been poison. Also, an old statute in Georgia stated that if a slave left a bruise on his master, he could receive capital punishment (Von Drehle). The late M. Watt Espy, a researcher that studied capital punishment, recorded around 15,000 executions in the United States dating from 1608 to 1972 (Von Drehle). Espys research and recordings reveal racial disparity in U.S. executions. His research suggests that in a significantly white America, more blacks than whites are executed. Whites were rarely put to death for crimes that involved African-American victims (Von Drehle). A study of the death penalty done by the University of Texas pro posed that Americas modern-day capital punishment system is an outgrowth of the racist legacy of slavery (qtd. in American Civil Liberties Union). Racial bias is still very much alive in the modern justice system of America It is far more likely for racial minorities (African-American and Latinos) to be placed on death row and be put to death than white people particularly if the victim is white. A recent Louisiana study conducted by Glenn Pierce (research scientist at Northeastern University) and Michael Radelet (Professor of Sociology at University of Colorado-Boulder) indicated that defendants with white victims were 97% more likely to receive death sentences than defendants with black victims (qtd. in American Civil Liberties Union). In the United States, blacks and whites are murder victims in nearly exact numbers, which is exceptionally high considering that 13% of the population is African-American. Between the years 1930 and 1996, around 4,200 prisoners were put to death in America; more than half of those prisoners were black (American Civil Liberties Union). Americas death row has always had a large population of African Americans and they are often killed for what are deemed less-than-capital offenses for whites, such as rape and burglary (American Civil Liberties Union). It has been asserted that racial discrimination and the death penalty are part of Americas past, nevertheless, since the reinstatement of the death penalty in the 1970s, around half of those on death row at any given time have been minorities. Florida Latinos are beginning to shift away from the death penalty. The state of Florida has one of the lowest bars for sentencing someone to death by not requiring a unanimous jury recommendation, and they lead the nation in death row inmates being released due to wrongful convictions (Cartagena). For these reasons, Floridas death penalty has been struck down as unconstitutional twice in 2016. Four Florida counties Miami-Dade, Hillsborough, Pinellas and Duval are among 16 counties nationwide that have each had five or more death sentences between 2010 and 2015 (Cartagena). All of these counties have been found to suffer from prosecutor misconduct, bad defense lawyers, wrongful convictions and racial bias (Cartagena). From 2010-2015, every inmate in Miami-Dade County who was sentenced to death, was black or Latino. Yet, studies argue that in most locations across America, minorities are responsible for less than half of homicides (Too Broken to Fix). The nations largest death row capacity resides in Los Angeles County, California and statisticians expect continued growth. In 2013, reports revealed that Los Angeles County was responsible for more death row prisoners than any other county in the United States, and it has ranked as one of the two most prolific counties in imposing new death sentences each year since (Too Broken To Fix). Between the years 2010 and 2015, Los Angeles County imposed 31 death sentences, which adds up to be the most death sentences enforced in any U.S. county during that period (Too Broken To Fix). Those 31 death sentences in L.A. show severe racial disparity in their sentences: approximately 94% of the 31 death sentences enforced were directed toward minority (Latino and African-American) defendants and even though African Americans commit fewer than one-third of all Los Angeles County homicides, they comprised 42% of those condemned to death in this period. 45% of the new death sentences were imposed on Latino defendants (Too Broken to Fix). Only two white defendants received the death penalty. Unsurprisingly, a 2014 study conducted in Southern California concluded that white jurors are more probable to inflict capital punishment when the defendant is Latino and poor than in cases where the defendant is white. Latino jurors presented no such bias (Too Broken to Fix). The amount of racial minorities sentenced and executed on death row continues to suggest that capital punishment and racial discrimination are indeed still a part of modern day America. Since the Supreme Court reinstatement of the death penalty in the mid-1970s, juries in Texas have to determine if the defendant poses a future risk to the public, before applying the death sentence. Most states have the jurors consider past behavior and crimes of the defendant, however, in Texas, juries are asked to predict the future (Vansickle). In essence, these jurors are asked to predict the unpredictable. Those who are pro-death penalty may argue that experts can determine future violence, however, if juries and experts could determine future danger, then there would not be any crime. Currently, in the state of Texas, there are around 240 men and women on death row that have been determined to pose a threat to society. The question of future dangerousness has not reduced the amount of death sentences, rather, testimony on the issue has often instead introduced racial bias into trials (Death Penalty Information Center). The U.S. Supreme Court recently heard arguments for the Texas death penalty case of Buck v. Davis. In July of 1995, the defendant, Duane Buck, shot and killed his ex-girlfriend and her friend (Vansickle). At the trial, Bucks lawyer initiated testimony from a psychologist that said Buck was dangerous and posed a threat to the public since he was African-American. In 1997, the jury found Buck guilty and sentenced him to death. Before his execution, the Supreme Court halted his case due to the racial bias that resulted in his death sentence. Buck is still awaiting his new sentencing. Many studies, including one conducted by Cornell University, propose that the race of the victim and defendant play a critical part in whether a person receives the death penalty (qtd. in Vansickle). Criminologists conducted a study used in Bucks appeal that analyzed racial disparity in Harris County, Texas the location where Buck was sentenced to death. The study resulted that from 1992 to 1999, Harris County prosecutors were three and a half times more likely to seek the death penalty against black defendants than white ones. Jurors were more than twice as likely to sentence blacks to death (Vansickle). Another study led by Jennifer Eberhardt, Professor of Psychology at Stanford University, established that in cases with a white victim and a defendant with stereotypical black features, the more probable the defendant would be sentenced to death (Eberhardt). These studies suggest that race plays a detrimental role in whether a defendant receives the death penalty. Race should never be a predictor of dangerousness or influence whether a person receives the death penalty, yet, it is the harsh reality in the land of the free. With the death penalty, someone will always end up on the short end of the stick; usually that person is either African-American or Latino. The U.S. should not put value on someones life based on their skin color, however, it is the current reality. Stephen Bright, Professor of Clinical Law at Yale Law School, argues that the only way for racial prejudice to no longer play a role in the decision of the death penalty is to completely remove capital punishment in the U.S.: With the long history of slavery, lynchings, convict leasing, segregation, racial oppression and now mass incarceration that has a much greater impact on racial minorities, surely states should eliminate any chance that racial prejudice might play a role. But there is only one way to do that: by eliminating the death penalty. (Bright) In the United States Constitution and pledge of allegiance, it promises equal justice for all. Yet, race and poverty continue to influence who will be condemned to death in the land of equal opportunity. Finality not justice, not liberty is the ultimate goal of the legal system in the United States. Capital punishment desensitizes society.. It teaches the American youth that society solves its problems with violence. It displays the absence of appreciation for life. And, as the equal justice giant, Martin Luther King Jr. once said, capital punishment is societys final statement that it will not forgive (qtd. in Bright). The United States should join 140 other nations in making final the directive: thou shalt not kill. Works Cited Bright, Stephen. Imposition of the death penalty upon the poor, racial minorities, the intellectually disabled and the mentally ill. New York University Law School, 2014. Web. 7 January 2017. Bright, Stephen. Race, Poverty, the Death Penalty, and the Responsibility of the Legal Profession. Seattle Journal for Social Justice 1.1 (2002): 12. Web. 7 January 2017. Bright, Stephen. The Failure to Achieve Fairness: Race and Poverty Continue to Influence Who Dies. Journal of Constitutional Law 11.1 (2008):16. Web. 7 January 2017. Cartagena, Juan. Latinos join call to end Floridas death penalty. Orlando Sentinel. Orlando Sentinel, 10 December 2016. Web. 7 January 2017. Death Penalty 2015. Amnesty International. 6 April 2016. Web. 7 January 2017. Death Penalty Information Center. Death Penalty Information Center, 2016. Web. 7 January 2017. Eberhardt, Jennifer. Looking Deathworthy. Psychological Science 17.5 (2006): 383-386. Web. 7 January 2017. The Case Against the Death Penalty. American Civil Liberties Union. 2012. Web. 7 January 2017. Too Broken to Fix. Fair Punishment. September 2016. Web. 7 January 2017. Vansickle, Abbie. A Deadly Question. The Atlantic. The Atlantic, 19 November 2016. Web. 7 January 2017. Von Drehle, David. The Death of the Death Penalty. Time. Time, 8 June 2015. Web. 7 January 2017.